Teaching Lexically Reflection Paper Free Essays

Gary Yauri Mayorca November 2012 Lima-Centro ELT Course Reflection Paper: â€Å"Teaching Lexically† Having had the opportunity to take different ELT courses, I cannot stress how much methodological-insight I gained upon my successful completion of this course. â€Å"What should I emphasize during each lesson-objective? † and â€Å"How will this activity maximize the students learning-awareness? † This course made me see that these two questions are pivotal to the development of any lesson plan or didactic material to be used by students. A person’s word bank, Lexis, or Lexicon if you will, is the ultimate means to successfully break a language barrier even if with a poor grammar usage (although the term â€Å"poor† could be argued since it can now be considered not as poor but rather as the â€Å"inter language† stage between L1 and L2). We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Lexically Reflection Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why would I be so certain about such claim being based on a single course? I say this because I lived it myself during my experience in the U. S. s a second language learner, when I had to communicate with native speakers in order to get by, using â€Å"lexical chunks† that worked effectively time after time while most of the time I really didn’t have a keen understanding of each grammatical structure that held together the â€Å"chunk† of Lexis that I used. â€Å"How much is this/are these _____? † â€Å"I’d like to have a/an _____ for here / to go, please† How did I know that these expressions were the appropriate ones to use having not had a â€Å"formal† classroom explanation of â€Å"much vs many† or â€Å"I’d like vs I like†? he answer, a â€Å"natural† intuitive awareness of high frequency Lexis being used in context right in front of me, most of the time, while waiting in line and listening to those ahead of me having successful exchanges, some other times while sitting on the bus and over hearing language-rich strangers’ conversations, and once again taking such and other opportunities to pick up repetitive random Lexis, thus becoming more aware of the different contexts of different collocations, sometimes used formally, sometimes used in a colloquial manner, sometimes even understanding â€Å"made-up† words such as â€Å"brunch† (a wholesome late breakfast hat more closely resembles lunch time) or â€Å"I need change to use the _____† vs â€Å"I need to change _____ (x) so I can _______(y)†. Nowadays, this approach to the natural discovery of language is supported by strong scientific research (e. g. The Corpora program) giving teachers new insight on the way students can better acquire, (therefore making a more solid attempt at communicating effectively with others), making lessons both, more meaningful and engaging to pupils. Having worked with the Word link series for a year and half, it doesn’t really take an up-close look to notice how much of the â€Å"Lexical Approach† is embedded course after course; take for example the â€Å"in-context vocabularyâ€Å" presented at the beginning of every lesson, the set of useful expressions that can be combined with the previous vocabulary begging for the build-up of lexical chunks which ultimately are to be used at their fullest during the communication activity. At this point, It is imperative to point out that although the book series present a natural inclination towards the lexical approach, the job is not done there but it’s rather to be taken up by the teacher in order to provide students with the maximum number of opportunities to notice and become aware of the strong link between Lexis and how people really communicate in real life outside the classroom; this way helping students develop a more â€Å"educated† language-understanding intuition that can be applied to all four skills, being speaking, listening, reading and writing. Finally, I would like to thank the institution for allowing me and my colleagues the opportunity to further expand our expertise by providing the chance to take these courses at no other cost but the clash of less effective and more effective teaching notions to be reflected on. How to cite Teaching Lexically Reflection Paper, Papers

Music that makes people feel peaceful free essay sample

Entertainment can be categorized into few different ways such as dancing, vacation, and watching movie. Nowadays most of the people, they have focus more on listen to musics. Music Is one of the entertainments that commonly nowadays young people are focus on. Through music It has bring a lot of advantage for the teenagers to try to communicate with one and other and to be more update In the world of teenagers. Beside that, music Is also one of the tools to try to express themselves from stress. Under music it has combined it different type of culture into one society.It has been imbibed together in one of the most popular and advances towards creating a better society. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions, through improvisational music to be forms be divided into genres and submerges, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. We will write a custom essay sample on Music that makes people feel peaceful or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through musics Its also bring a lot of fun, Joy and other benefits towards human mankind.Musics also have created a wonderful memory for each of every one to enjoy It. Music also Is one of the tools to produce a future star and artist to let people notice. There are several types of musics that make people feel peaceful, such as pop. Hip-hop, Jazz, country, classical, rock and also RB music. 2. 0 Jazz music Jazz is a type of music that begins in 20th century. Jazz music is started with some African American community in the southern of United State that most of it is confluence of European and African music tradition.Jazz music origin from Ragtime and it culture is origin in early asses New Orleans. Jazz is kinds of music that can be define as a combination between European tradition music with African tradition music. The words Jazz began as a west coast slang was first used to refer as music In Chicago around 1915. From the beginning Jazz Is Sass but slowly it transfer to Jazz. In Jazz they have few ways to perform, some of them Near use to be perform Individual, never playing composition and never play exactly the same way twice. 2. 1 Peaceful Jazz music brings a lot of benefits to us nowadays.But one of the most effective ways that Jazz music had brought to us is that, when we listen to jazz music we will feel ore peaceful in our mind. According to scientist say that when a person is listening to Jazz music it has brought up some brain emotion and make it feel relax and will go by the rhythm on it. It will keep a certain amount of peaceful moment; it could help a person to remain a better conscious on what he is doing on. By putting Jazz music on in daily life It could help a person also to Improve in their behavior, Jazz music can avoid bad behavior that leads to bad destruction.This could help a person to develop creativity, artistry, humanity, Individually, Intelligence, and also will have a better hence to deal with an Issue at hand more easily and more positive ways. While Jazz music can leads a person to go towards a positive ways in a peaceful manners on 2. 2 release painful emotion Through Jazz music it could help a person to release painful emotion, by listen to Jazz music it has a great impact of mind, body and spirit to bring a healthful charges on our painful emotion.According to doctors some music treatment for example using jazz music it could treat a patient to stay and healthy and even faster to recovery from their painful emotion. Listen to Jazz music can also help a person to release heir anger and also boost their happy feeling to the maximum. The mind will start to stimulate and through Jazz music it could obtain the high mental alertness on the part that will help you think of the goods and forget the bad part. By the mint time it could help your mind to active the brain on, and enhances the best is to make a person to feel more relaxing.Through Jazz music can help a person to reduce pain sensation and also distress of both chronic pain and postoperative pain. Jazz music also promotes relaxation of tense muscle, and enabl ing a person to easily release omen of the tension that carries on the day. Jazz Music, especially upbeat tunes, can take your mind off what stresses you, and help you feel more optimistic and positive. This helps release stress and can even help you keep from getting as stressed over lifes little frustrations in the future.Researchers discovered that music can decrease the amount of the cortical, a stress-related hormone produced by the body in response to stress. Jazz music can brings peaceful when a person hear it, it will also help to maintain to comfort of the day that made a person to be alert on what he or she is doing. Beside that through Jazz music it also helps to release painful emotion by hearing Jazz music it could help a heart hurting person to feel more relax on the pain. 3. 0 Country music Country music is one of the most popular music genres that all American had notice. It is a blend traditional and popular musical that origin from Canada and southern United State. Country music has produced two of the top selling solo artists of all time. The term country music gained popularity in the asses when the earlier term hillbillys music came to be seen as denigrating. Country music was widely embraced n the asses, while country and Western has declined in use since that time, except in the United Kingdom and Ireland, where it is still commonly used. 3. 1 Fairly wholesome Listen to country music it could more fairly wholesome then other, why is that so.According to the specialist that through country music, it could help a person to bring back a wonderful story. Through country music it could help to explain a very interesting story In other words, they are not songs that would not want to bring children to hear or would feel embarrassed playing in front of their parents. So wrought country music it could help some of the children to presented out by singing some country music on the song that have play to display out what are the fairly wholesome story they have believe in. In other word, it could help to keep some of the interesting history in the past and passed it to the next generation.So they will reminding that dont make the same miss take again and again. 3. 2 connection to culture Country music historians typically stress of the musics close connection to the culture of the rural and working class white south, and while acknowledging the importance of New York record companies and other commercial structures, they are happiest. Through country music, it help to brings out the culture of American and also to help others to understan d how the style of living and also to present the ethnic of that culture. Modeling behaviors and understandings that have helped in the refashioning of southern white culture and identities, and there is another parallel. A Diasporas story lurks deep in the heart of country music. It could help to strengthen the culture and also to help to promote the culture to others through country music. Country music can help a culture to build their image on fairly wholesome things; it could help to develop their images to the worldwide world. On the other half, country music 4. Hip-Hop music As the world move on to a modern time, hip hop music has become the most important music that has been focus on by the teenagers nowadays. Hip hop music is origin from hip hop culture and it has been missed up with four key element first of all is rapping, Digging/scratching, sampling, and beat boxing. The root of hip hop culture is also from African American music and ultimately African music. Some hip pop music influence by the disco, others hip-hop music influence by many other different such as new school hip-hop and also some rapping material are include. 4. Innovation In the lately asses hip hop music has secure in the mainstream music line. This they have given a name for hip-hop music that is Golden Age Hip-hop. This innovation motive the hip-hop music lover to be more advance in the. That time is a time when it seemed that every new single reinvented the genre. Referring to the golden age of hip-hop music, there were so many important, ground breaking album has been brought up right about that time. Many artist has been found out on that period of time where hip-hop music has bring a great success towards bringing more talented artist on during the hip-hop music.While innovation in hip-hop music is been a great motivation for every hip-hop singer that it could made a great improvement on their song and also nowadays teenagers has using the hip-hop music to do their dance on the hip-hop culture. 4. 2 express themselves in a proper manner First and for all through hip-hop music nowadays bring different culture, beliefs, races, ethnicities all together such as young and medium age stay together to express themselves in a self determinant manners both individually and also collectively.Beside through hip-hop music and culture has not Just influence the Americans but also influence the whole world to come together as one big hip-hop people to d eal with one and other. So this will help a person to build a good perspective and get along with others and eventually will build up more network so will help to build your popularity. Therefore through hip-hop music it will easily to express themselves in a proper manner and wont be shy to present in front of public and also building up confident.

Leadership Through Example essays

Leadership Through Example essays The most important aspect of any culture is the people. Great nations like the United States were establish through the understanding that people are the most valuable resource of a nation, and it is the responsibility of the leaders to ensure that the people are respected. The central focus of a good leader should always be to maintain the well being of the people - especially during time of war. This understanding breeds patriotism and heroes. A prime example of good leadership is exemplified in Chief Crazy Horse of the Sioux Tribe during the 19th century when the migrating European and American settlers were expanding westward. Chief Crazy Horse recognized that the settlers had no respect for his land, beliefs or his people. He valiantly defended his culture against the intrusion of the settlers, and placed his love and respect for his people above everything. Chief Crazy Horse is a prime candidate for the presidency because he demonstrated great integrity by building a leadership based solely on a tremendous respect for his people. Crazy Horse had enormous respect for his people as individuals. Perhaps the single most important ingredient for successful leadership is respect. He considered the lives of his people equal or even more important than his own. One way in which this was demonstrated was on the battlefield. Numerous accounts and paintings of battle scenes reveal that during an assault, as Crazy Horse led his men into battle, never allowing any of his warriors to pass him. "In advancing upon an enemy, none of his warriors were allowed to pass him" ("Crazy Horse Quotes"). Crazy Horse was also a generous man. He was known to have consistently shown charity toward the poor, lived a humble life and given away spoils of war (with the exception of weapons.) "It was a point of honor with him never to keep anything for himself, excepting weapons of war" ("Crazy Horse Quotes"). As a result of the respect Crazy Horse displayed fo...

Neutralizing a Base With an Acid

Neutralizing a Base With an Acid When an acid and a base react with each other, a neutralization reaction occurs, forming a salt and water. The water forms from the combination of the H ions from the acid and the OH- ions from the base. Strong acids and strong bases completely dissociate, so the reaction yields a solution with a neutral pH (pH 7). Because of the complete dissociation between strong acids and bases, if youre given a concentration of an acid or base, you can determine the volume or quantity of the other chemical required to neutralize it. This example problem explains how to determine how much acid is needed to neutralize a known volume and concentration of a base: Solving an Acid-Base Neutralization Problem What volume of 0.075 M HCl is required to neutralize 100 milliliters of 0.01 M Ca(OH)2 solution? HCl is a strong acid and will dissociate completely in water to H and Cl-. For every mole of HCl, there will be one mole of H. Since the concentration of HCl is 0.075 M, the concentration of H will be 0.075 M. Ca(OH)2 is a strong base and will dissociate completely in water to Ca2 and OH-. For every mole of Ca(OH)2 there will be two moles of OH-. The concentration of Ca(OH)2 is 0.01 M so [OH-] will be 0.02 M. So, the solution will be neutralized when the number of moles of H equals the number of moles of OH-. Step 1: Calculate the number of moles of OH-.Molarity moles/volumemoles Molarity x Volumemoles OH- 0.02 M/100 millilitersmoles OH- 0.02 M/0.1 litersmoles OH- 0.002 molesStep 2: Calculate the Volume of HCl neededMolarity moles/volumeVolume moles/MolarityVolume moles H/0.075 Molaritymoles H moles OH-Volume 0.002 moles/0.075 MolarityVolume 0.0267 LitersVolume 26.7 milliliters of HCl Performing the Calculation 26.7 milliliters of 0.075 M HCl is needed to neutralize 100 milliliters of 0.01 Molarity Ca(OH)2 solution. The most common mistake people make when performing this calculation is not accounting for the number of moles of ions produced when the acid or base dissociates. Its easy to understand: only one mole of hydrogen ions is produced when hydrochloric acid dissociates, yet also easy to forget its not a 1:1 ratio with the number of moles of hydroxide released by calcium hydroxide (or other bases with divalent or trivalent cations). The other common mistake is a simple math error. Make sure you convert milliliters of solution to liters when you calculate the molarity of your solution!

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Case study - Essay Example The network initiative implemented in Danone forced some of the local managers to behave like dictators. It was difficult for the employees to share the knowledge over the network without seeking the consent of the managers. Mougin deliberately allowed the local managers to take more power in order to have products that differed from market to market, to stay close to consumers. He calculated that decentralization would help Canone to compete more effectively in the market. In short, Mougin found no harm in giving more autonomy to the local managers. However the frontline managers were confused by the above strategy. â€Å"They lacked clear directions from headquarters and often didn’t know whom to turn to for advice. And, there was little horizontal communication among the large divisions† (Edmondson et al, 2008, p.6). Front line managers became less powerful or jobless because of the decentralization strategies of Mougin. On the other hand the local managers acquired more power in the absence of any centralized control. Danone has no centralized database for recoding or saving the knowledge of its employees. The network initiative helped the company only in exchanging the ideas of the workers; however the company has not taken any serious effort to save that knowledge for the future references. Moreover, the Company failed miserably in segregating between the knowledge and information. Some of the information exchanged through the network was mere information whereas some others were knowledge. Knowledge needed to be protected for future references even though some of the information can be neglected. In short, Danone has to enforce more centralized control both in their organizational functioning and in the knowledge management. Local managers should work under the frontline managers and they should perform everything after taking the permission from the front line mangers. If the company likes to continue with the strategy of giving autonomy t o their local mangers, then it is better for the company to use the frontline mangers in other areas of its functioning. Knowledge exchanged through the network should be saved for future reference. My assessment of the Networking Attitude initiative The Networking Attitude initiative was a way to share knowledge across groups in the geographically dispersed Danone Company (Edmondson et al, 2008, p.1). The networking attitude initiative was a well thought out strategy in my opinion. Danone has business units in more than 120 countries and it is necessary for the company to exchange the newly developed knowledge across its business networks. Business concepts, philosophies and climates are changing rapidly because of the knowledge explosion and it is essential for Danone to update the knowledge of its diverse workforce periodically. Danone has allowed its employees to share their knowledge between them rather than waiting for the instructions of the superiors. In other words, sharing of the knowledge between the employees helped Danone workforce to function more efficiently and that also at the right time. The consequences of the time delay in obtaining the instructions from the superiors in a rapidly paced business environment were thus avoided in Danone Company. â€Å"From 2004 to 2007, Danone employees shared almost 640 good practices with colleagues† (Edmondson et al,

Can a company strive for large profits while truly caring to the well Literature review

Can a company strive for large profits while truly caring to the well being of the general population - Literature review Example Responsible business enterprises strive to improve business performance, make profits, and contribute to the economic progress in the community. However, several business leaders are only interested in community activities that increase their profits. Social responsibilities of businesses are not restricted to profitable ventures. The organization can participate in activities that improve the conditions of the general population without direct or indirect profits. The big question is whether a business can remain profitable while caring for the wellbeing of the general population. Hill, R.P., Ainscough, T., Shank, T., and Manullang, D. 2007. Corporate social responsibility and socially responsible investing: A global perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 70, 165-174. The current economies face issues of responsible business conduct such as product quality, health and safety, environmental protection, and compliance with laws and industry standards. These responsibilities originat e from the desire to make profits, which is determined by the relationship between the business and the society. Businesses rely on customer satisfaction to improve their profits margins. Customer satisfaction is caused by the attractive business activities such as services offered, environmental conservation, and product quality. These activities portray responsibility on the side of the business. The wellbeing of the general population is determined by responsible activities by the business. The standards of responsible business conduct go beyond the traditional expectations of maintaining morality. Business enterprises are members of the community, and they must enrich the economic and social conditions of the community. Improving the social and economic conditions of the community improves the wellbeing of the population (Porter and Kramer, 2006). Pursuing profits and economic superiority does not license ignorance or break of community norms, values, integrity, and respect. The business must engage in activities that uphold the morals and values of the society. Some activities such as advertisements may compromise the norms and beliefs of the society. Communities such the Chinese are conservative and are affected advertisements that involve body exposure and romance. Violent and immoral advertisements destroy the moral values of the community. Violence and immorality affect the wellbeing of the community and businesses participating in such activities may experience disapproval by the community. The general population provides market for products and businesses that overlook community norms and values are likely to make losses. Global business organizations have to uphold and respect different societal values and norms depending on the traditions of the community they operate. This determines the amount of profits acquired by business units across the globe (Gege, 2004). The objective of social responsibility of businesses is to generate the capital requi red for operations. Success for any business is measured in terms of profits and losses incurred. Businesses must cover the cost of capital, cover risks and uncertainties, and the needs of workers and pensioners. Businesses may be forced to compromise the quality of their products in order to maximize their revenues. This involves altering the material quality of products

United States Economic Interest in South Asia

United States Economic Interest in South Asia After the Cold War, US emerged as the sole super power in the world. It started establishing military bases in all regions around the world. Central Asia, South Asia, Middle East and East Asia are the regions which have their own peculiarities. South Asia due to its presence along Indian Ocean, proximity to oil rich Central Asian States, nuclear rivalry between India and Pakistan and its neighbourhood with Afghanistan; has peculiarities and strategic importance which US could not ignore. Resultantly, especially after 9/11, US entered this region in the garb of war on terrorism and engaged both Pakistan and India in strong strategic relationship. Emergence of China and India in the region as economic powers has attracted the world powers. This paper will endeavour to highlight US economic interest in this region to gain hegemony in the Indian Ocean, maintain presence in oil rich central Asia, check Chinese influence in South and Central Asia and Indian Ocean, continue its war on terrorism in Afghanistan and bring political stability, control flow of oil from Persian Gulf, and gain control of Sea Line of Communications in the Indian Ocean. After identifying and analysing US economic interests in particular, certain recommendations would be proffered for South Asian countries so that we should not fall prey to the great game of the super power. Problem Statement Economic affairs have assumed a greater importance under the prevalent environments of uni-polar world, where major powers are looking for new markets. South Asia is one of the biggest and most lucrative consumer markets. Emerging economies of India and China has given special status to this region. Resultantly, US economic interests in the region have increased its manifold. Foregoing in view, carry out an in depth study of US economic interest in South Asia, its implications for the region and suggest recommendations for regional nations to safe guard their economic interests. Background Economic globalization involves arguably the most fundamental redesign and centralization of the planetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s political and economic arrangements since the Industrial Revolution. Despite the scale of the global reordering, neither our educational institutions nor the mass media have made credible effort to describe what is being formulated, to explain its root philosophies or to explore the multidimensionality of its effect on out society and economy. The occasional descriptions or predictions about the global economy and scarcely the US interests highlighted have found place in the media. Hissing sound is heard from corporate leaders, their allies in high levels of government and newly powerful centralized global trade bureaucracy. The vision they offer us area unfailingly positive, even utopian. Globalization i.e by increasing US ingress in our economy will remain to be a panacea for all our ills. Sri Lanka like the other third world countries confronts a major dilemma today regarding its deplorable economic conditions internally and trying to keep her relevance in the charging economic climate of South Asia. Growing US interest in the region is in fact the food for thought for Sri Lankan think tanks. Purpose of Study The growing US interest in India is to be viewed deliberately and at the same time its effect. Thus clear shift from Geo political/ strategic to Geo economic is visible on the map of South Asia. Study thus seeks to analyze the affect of growing US interests in the region and Sri Lankan stance being relevant to the changing US economic interests in South Asia. chapter two Significance of the Study In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world, power is not only depending on a countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s might in her Military. The economic stability and sustainability also plays a magnificent role. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vitally important not only for the countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ who are big in population or in geographical area, but in those countries who are small in size of land in terms of population. The geographic location where the country lies does play no lesser degree. The research topic revolves around the poorest regions in the world and has millions of middle-class citizens. Plagued by low levels of literacy, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s nonetheless produces distinguished scientists, artists and professionals. Contains an awesome and bewildering diversity of languages, religions and ethnicities, but is remarkably cohesive in terms of physical environment and natural resources. The countries share rivers, mountains systems, oceans and ecological cycles such as the life-sustaining monsoon rains. The states of the region have their share of disputes, along with deeply shared cultures and history. The prospect of a new departure in South Asia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" US relations must be set against a past often burdened by mistrust and sharply different objectives. During most of the post à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" World War II period, US ties with India and Pakistan, the regionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s two powers, vacillated between close embrace and uneasy distance. The US interest in the region has risen and fallen; same has been viewed with a new dimension i.e the economic dimension of the US in the South Asian region. Before taking any further into the methodology and the problem statement it is worth mentioning the US economic interest in South Asian Countries specific. Afghanistan Present Aims Of US. In Afghanistan effort to transform what had become one of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s principal sources of instability into a secure and prosperous country. Steps which full fill the Geo Political aims of US are:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rebuilding of the country and the society. Loya Jirga has been institutionalized. Rebuilding the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s infrastructure, education, health systems and security forces. Forward-looking economic policies. US has already provided over $2 billion in assistance to Afghanistan and will be providing an additional $2.2 billion more during this year. Training Afghan army, police forces; US and other allies are also building a network of Provincial Reconstruction Teams to help provide local security and coordinate development and reconstruction while easing the transition to civilian rule. Efforts to disarm and demobilize militias  [1]  . Bangladesh Back Ground. US and Bangladesh have been close friends and partners since 1971. Today the stakes are great; experts estimate that by the year 2025, there will be over 200 million people in Bangladesh and over 25 million people in Dhaka alone. Thus demographic challenges are of a great concern to a developing nation. US Investment and Concerns. At $1.3 billion, the US is Bangladeshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biggest foreign investor. The concerns of US while investing are:- Privatization, export diversification, deregulation, financial sector reform, and major infrastructure investments are essential to reverse the declining foreign investment trends and achieve steady economic growth. Corruption and poor governance. US has increased its assistance to Bangladesh for promoting democracy and good governance and combating corruption to over $8 million in Fiscal Year 2006. The hub of Population remains an attraction with availability of cheap and technical labor. As per Vishal, USA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Bangladesh can seek a lot tech help from bigger partner USA and in turn send technical man power to the Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?  [2]  . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Bangladesh is sitting virtually on oilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?  [3]  . Bangladesh Interests. Few of the analysts believe the US Presidents one day visit to the country is extremely important with the oil and gas reserves likely to be tapped. Bangladesh interests remain with US as:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Aid oriented with investment in basic infrastructure. Human resource developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. China  [4]  . Chinas entry into the WTO, makes the deal sound like a sure-fire winner for US workers. In particular, the deals supporters argue that expanded trade relations with China will lead solely to more exports to China. A closer look at the US governments own data reveals following:- China trade agreement under WTO and with US will be of greater capital mobility into China. US multinationals eager to deliver goods and services to the Chinese market as 1.1 Billion population market. Produce goods cheaply that can then be exported to the US and other markets. Results Growing US trade deficit with China. Growth of US multinationals and direct foreign investment i.e 10% increase in US direct investment in China. 7.3% increase in the volume of imports from China and a 2.1% decline of US exports to China. Surge of investment by US firms in China and the US trade deficit with China. Import competition from China involves different industries than in the past. Job losses seen by analysts in US markets; thus a technological shift to the populous pole of the world. India Indo-US Relations Since 1991. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“India and the US have multi faceted relations ranging from political, strategic to economic and commercial. India-US economic relations in the form of bilateral investments and trade constitute important elements in India-US bilateral relations particularly because India is now the second fastest growing economy in the world and USA is the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest economy. Economic Reforms introduced since 1991 have radically changed the course of the Indian economy and led to its gradual integration with the global economy. Benefits of the reform process are:- Better growth rates, higher investment and trade flows and accelerated decline in income poverty. USA is the largest investing country in India in terms of FDI approvals, actual inflows and portfolio investment. US investments cover almost every sector in India, which is open for private participants. Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investments in USA are picking up. USA is also Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest trading partner. By 2003, India became the 24th largest export destination for the US. Since 2000, the two countries have been making efforts to strengthen institutional structure of bilateral economic relations by means of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“India-US Economic Dialogueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? that aims at deepening the Indo-American partnership through regular dialogue and engagementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?  [5]  . The Strategic Economic Dimension of the US-India Relationship. India-US relations have seen a remarkable transformation over the last decade. The recent bilateral visit of Prime Minister to Washington from November 22-26, 2009 as the first State Guest of President Barack Obama has reaffirmed the global strategic partnership between India and the United States. The two leaders have reaffirmed that the common ideals and complementary strengths of India and the United States provide a foundation for addressing the global challenges of the 21st century and resolved to build on these to expand the U.S.-India global partnership for mutual benefit. It emanates from reformed and global Indian economy. Key contributors so as the US takes full advantage are  [6]  :- Economy. US and India are expanding cooperation to enhance job creation and economic growth; support economic reforms and liberalization; develop a bilateral business climate supportive of trade and investment; and improve market access for goods and services. Trade. Over the last five years, US exports to India have more than doubled, helping to create better-paying jobs in the US. The US and India agree that trade is essential to promoting global economic growth, development, freedom, and prosperity. Both countries are committed to completing the WTO Doha Development Agenda before the end of 2006. Investment. The US and India have agreed to hold a high-level public-private investment summit in 2006 and are continuing the dialogue on further liberalization of investment restrictions, regulatory transparency, dispute settlement, reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade. Agriculture. The US and India have launched the Knowledge Initiative on agriculture to link universities, technical institutions, businesses to support high-priority joint agriculture education, research, capacity-building projects and biotechnology. The joint declaration made in New Delhi during President Clintonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s visit i.e. India-US Relations: A Vision for the 21st century incorporates two important statements- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Natural partnership of shared endeavoursà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and more importantly that In many ways the character of the 21st century will depend on the success of our cooperation for peace, prosperity and democracy and freedom. Peace, prosperity, democracy and freedom cannot be secured by rhetoric, as has been the Indian experience. These can only be secured by rhetoric, as has been the Indian experience. These can only be achieved through politico-strategic initiatives with the strategic predominating. The Vision of India-US relations, jointl y seen, should therefore, logically incorporate the development of a strategic partnership, prompted by the imperatives discussed about. President Clintonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s visit to India, it is hoped heralds the advent of the inevitable.  [7]  . Importance of Indian American Joint Venture. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Today, Indian-American and Indian investors enjoy a very influential presence in Washington, key areas being:- Wall Street/Media. Some 2 million people of Indian origin are in the US wall street/media business. Indian Students In US. There are over 85,000 Indian students in the US more than from China. Benefits To Indian Populous. US trade and investment with India is only 10 percent of what it is with China, this is changing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to the benefit of Americans and Indians through increased opportunities in India for American trade and investment. Polls in India show a notable 75 percent favorable view of the US. Out Sourcing. While outsourcing has become a controversial issue, the US actually enjoys a healthy surplus in trade in services with India. In 2004, US exported $4.6 billion worth of services to India, a surplus of $1.8 billion. Trade Growth. $16 billion in two-way trade in 1998, US-India trade has grown to $26 billion in 2005 US exports, now at approximately $8 billion, grew almost 30 percent last year and is expected to continue further. Strategic Sale Agreements. Boeing has sold almost $15 billion in new aircraft to India and two US airlines have opened non-stop routes to India. Airport privatization is underway and the air transport market has grown by close to 40 percent in the past year. Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Energy Needs. India is a nation of 1.1 billion people. With its rapid economic expansion, it has a massive and rapidly growing appetite for energy and is already the worlds sixth largest consumer of energy. US-India Energy Dialogue, aimed at strengthening energy security and promoting the development of stable and efficient markets in India. US India Civil Nuclear Cooperation Initiative. Civil nuclear cooperation with India will elevate the US-India relationship to new heights  [8]  . The IT Sector Of India. This sector has its following linkage with the growing US interests:- Compounded Growth. 50 percent since 1991. Soft Ware Requirements. Today, nearly two in five of the fortune 500 companies outsource their IT requirements to India. IT Sector Collaboration. Especially, in areas like:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Communication infrastructure. Optic fiber cable and gateways. Satellite-based communication wireless. IT-enabled services and IT enable education. Data centers, server farms and software developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?  [9]  . Future Prospects in Economic Investment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There are several areas where economic cooperation between India and the US can progress further. These include :- Infrastructure. Telecom sector. Energy, knowledge based industries such as pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. Investor friendly environment in sectors such as roads, ports and airports. Private sector participation in management, Build operate and Transfer (BOT) projects, green-field airports, terminals, shipping berths and capacity augmentation have been initiated. Security Science Related Economic Interests. The US and India are building the foundation of a durable defence relationship to support their common strategic and security interests which include:- Maritime Security Cooperation. The US and India are committed to a comprehensive cooperative effort to ensure a secure maritime domain. Counterterrorism. The US and India are jointly expanding the scope of counterterrorism cooperation, including work on bioterrorism and cyber security. Military Logistics Support. The US and India will soon sign an agreement to facilitate mutual logistic support during combined training, exercises, and disaster relief operations. Defence Trade. The US reaffirmed its goal to help meet Indias defence needs and to provide the important technologies and capabilities that India seeks. Non-Proliferation. Both countries support efforts to limit the spread of enrichment and reprocessing technologies. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). The US is funding IPR training programs to strengthen enforcement and patent examination, as a vibrant IPR regime is critical to the promotion of a creative, technologically advanced economy. Science. The US and India established and co-fund the $30 million Bi-National Science and Technology Commission to generate collaborative partnerships in science and technology. Space. The US and India have agreed to continue exploring further cooperation in civil space, including areas such as space exploration, satellite navigation, and earth scienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?  [10]  . US Presidents George W. Bush Visit To India We have an ambitious agenda with India. Our agenda is practical. It builds on a relationship that has never been better. India is a global leader, as well as a good friend. My trip will remind everybody about the strengthening of an important strategic partnership. Well work together in practical ways to promote a hopeful future for citizens in both our nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?  [11]  . President George W. Bush, February 22, 2006 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Evolution of U.S.-Indian Ties: Missile Defense in an Emerging Strategic Relationship,  [12]   Maldives and Bhutan 21. Maldives is an Islamic Island nation where US have a close eye on its location being on the mouth of the Indian Ocean. East of Nepal between India and China is a small country Bhutan. US interest being to democratize the state. US is also involved in settling the problems of refugees between the two states i.e Nepal and Bhutan. Over all the US involvement remains more of humanitarian assistance  [13]  . Nepal 22. Back Gr. US enjoys warm relationship with Nepal for over 50 years. During this period, Nepal has evolved from a closed, monarchy-dominated society into an emerging democracy with growing economic opportunity. US has contributed $1 billion to improve the lives of the Nepalese people. Nepal also happens to have a key place in the eyes of the west with the likely interests emerging as under:- Peace and stability in South Asia. Nepals independence and territorial integrity. US also has significant strategic interest in the country because of her location. Washington supports economic and technical assistance to Nepalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. 23. US Investment Areas in Nepal. Mainly being:- Assistance programs for democracy, governance and conflict mitigation. US assistance to strengthen the Election Commission, Peace Secretariat, National Human Rights Commission and corruption ombudsman. Broaden participation in political parties and make them internally more democratic. Technical assistance and equipment to the Parliament / aid to a constitutional reform process. Assisting reintegration of internally displaced persons and funding election monitors. Promote economic recovery; especially in rural areas. Pakistan Pakistan and India Concernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s US. Indeed the most common concern for an investment friendly climate stems out of the security concerns of the region as stated:- US ex Secretary Powell calls a triangle of conflict resolution. He says à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We do not seek to impose ourselves as a mediator. Instead, we try to use the trust we have established with both sides to urge them toward reconciliation by peaceful means the leaders of both countries deserve enormous credit for the statesmanship they are demonstrating and for their determination to turn their historic confrontation into opportunities for all of their people. Although the road ahead is certainly challenging, we are optimistic that both sides want to keep up the momentum generated by their recent more open interaction and sound climate for over all peace in the region  [14]  . The Latest Perception Of US. Recent visit of US President defines US interests as under:- Five years ago, Pakistan was one of only three nations that recognized the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. That all changed after September the 11th, 2001. President Parvez Musharraf understood that he had to make a fundamental choice for his people. He could turn a blind eye and leave his people hostage to terrorists, or he could join the free world in fighting the terrorists. President Musharraf made the right choice, and the United States of America is grateful for his leadership. Pakistan now has the opportunity to write a new chapter in its history, and the United States want to build a broad and lasting strategic partnership with the people of Pakistan  [15]  . President George W. Bush, February 22, 2006 Pakistan US Collaboration. The areas of collaboration are:- War On Terror Fight Terrorism. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The US and Pakistan have cooperated closely in the common fight against terrorism, including along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. Al Qaeda Hunt. Pakistan has captured more than 700 al-Qaeda operatives, facilitators and associates since September 11, 2001. Pakistans Military Role. Playing an important role by providing intelligence and support to Coalition forces operating along Afghanistan. Security /Military Hard Ware Largest Security Assistance. Pakistan is one of the largest recipients of US security assistance. Foreign Investment. The United States has pledged $1.5 billion of Foreign Military financing to Pakistan from 2005-2009. Sale Of Advanced Systems. The United States supports Pakistans defence needs through sales of advanced systems. Sale Of F-16 Air Craft. Move forward with the possible sale of F-16 fighter aircraft to Pakistan. Non Nato Ally. In June 2004, President Bush designated Pakistan as a Major Non-NATO Ally, making Pakistan one of a select group of nations outside of NATO that have the benefit of a variety of military and financial advantages. Trade And Investment US Encourages Economic Prosperity. By supporting increased trade and investment linkages with the US, the region and the global economy. Bilateral Investment Treaty. Has sent a strong signal about Pakistans improving investment climate. Institute Reconstruction Opportunity Zones (IROZs). That would assist desperately poor border regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan to grow and diversify economically. Private Sector Involvement. Enhancing our capacity-building assistance to strengthen private sector competitiveness . Education Educational Assistance. US has provided more than $130 million to strengthen education programs for young people and adults over the last four years. Bilateral Educational Dialogue. US and Pakistan will establish a bilateral education dialogue to enhance US-Pakistan educational cooperationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?  [16]  . Influence Of Regional Countries On Pakistan US Ties. Pakistans ties to other nations in the region are steadily growing with likely US investment, with rail, bus, and energy pipeline connections to several nations. Same will act as an antidote towards extremismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?  [17]  . Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Influence. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If China gets stronger than it already is, it will be a problem for the US,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? said Bordonaro, adding that the Chinese could use Gwadar, the port city in the Pakistani province of Baluchistan which is being developed with Chinas help, to counter Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s efforts to dominate the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Seaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?  [18]  . US commitment since 2003. At the June 2003 meeting at Camp David, President Bush made a commitment to develop with Pakistan with a long-term, broad-based partnership worth 3 billion dollar .The areas of interest include:- Shared interests in promoting prosperity, peace, security, mutual understanding and tolerance in the region / across the globe. Strengthen cooperation on counter-terrorism and security including striking at the conditions that give rise to extremism and terrorism. Address poverty and hopelessness root cause for terrorism Cooperation aimed at fostering expanded commerce within the region including with Afghanistan and Central Asia. Booming Market. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Most of the American companies in Pakistan currently have plans to expand their operations in the near future;a booming market of 160 million people and also as a potential hub for regional trade and transportationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? . Sri Lanka 29. Present Environment. Since 2009, May 19 Sri Lanka has rid off from the war, which was waging for 3 decades with Sri Lankan armed forces and Tamil minority. The present President has been elected for the second term of 6 years. Countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s development and re-settlement of internally displaced people is the key issues and challenges the government facing. At present the world looking at Sri Lanka with lots of allegations on humanitarian grounds and violation of humanitarian law. Some pointing the finger at the government while others are pointing it to the armed forces of the country. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rajapaksa must give aid organizations access to hundreds of thousands of uprooted Tamils in the islands northeast. Overwhelmed doctors in overcrowded camps are amputating limbs without sufficient drugs and medical supplies. The people in those camps desperately need medical care, food, and water. And they should be allowed to return to their homes as soon as possible. 30. Ultimately, the only way for Sri Lanka to avoid another Tamil rebellion is to grant the Tamils some form of local autonomy in their region. Now that the Tigers have been crushed, the Sinhalese majority of Sri Lanka has no excuse for not addressing the legitimate grievances of the Tamil minorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?  [19]  . a. Internal Problems And Tsunami Relief. Sri Lanka with a broader range of governments to focus on the Tigerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financing and arms procurement. US Government is providing assistance totaling $134.6 million for tsunami-related relief and reconstruction in Sri Lanka. Methodology 31. The study will be carried out in reviewing the data sources which are available in the internet and the few resources available in the libraries. Chapter three Literature Review 32. Since this topic is very hypothetical, its data and material review is mainly based on internet. The author, in the course of research, has made an endeavour to find relevant data through various sources including books, periodicals, lectures by professors of Different Universities of Management and Sciences. The detailed guideline provided through sponsors Directing Staff of the Defence Services Command and Staff College. The author is extremely grateful for all those who spared their valuable time to contribute on this work. As mentioned earlier the new found aid is of immense help in formulating the paper i.e à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Chapter four IMPLICATIONS OF US INTERESTS IN THE REGION Following areas of interest emerge quite pronounced:- Diversify Energy Supplies. Persian Gulf oil resources have remained a major source of energy supplies. US consider it of vital interest to secure access to the Central Asian regionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s energy corridors in order to reduce dependence on Persian Gulf  [20]  . Oil/Gas Reserves in Caspian Basin. The Caspian Basin has an estimated US$5 trillion of oil and gas resources. Transporting it through Russia or Azerbaijan would greatly enhance Russias political and economic control over the central Asian republics, which is precisely what the west has spent 10 years trying to prevent. Piping it through Iran would enrich a regime, which the US has been seeking to isolate. Thus, Afghanistans significance stems from its geographic position as a potential transit route, from Central Asia, through Pakistan (Gwadar port), into the Indian Ocean and further to the Arabian Sea  [21]  . Penetrate Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Most Lucrative Markets. Pipelines through Afghanistan would allow the US both to pursue its aim of diversifying energy supply and to penetrate the worlds most lucrative markets. In south Asia, by contrast, demand is booming with immense population graph and competitors are scarce. Therefore, pumping oil south and selling it in Pakistan and India, is far more profitable than pumping it west and selling it in Europe  [22]  . Domination over the Transit Routes/Crucial Sea-Lanes. With the increased importance of Central Asian oil reserves, moving through the Indian Ocean, importance of securing the SLOCs in the Indian Ocean have increased manifold. US intend to maintain a strong security presence in the South Asian region in cooperation with India as bigger role is expected by her in the region  [23]  . India à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A Strategic Partner. As the second most powerful military nation in Asia, US perceive India as an ideal strategic partner. During official visit to Washington, Prime Minister Vajpayee described India and the US as natural allies and significantly stressed that an Indo-US partnership was important for Asia both economically and militarilyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?  [24]  . China A Competitor, Not A Strategic Partnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. President Bush has described China as a competitor, not a strategic partnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Therefore, his administration is sympathetic to Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ambition to play a big power role in Asia. He also said that we must deal with China without ill-will but without illusions  [25]  . Regional Power Through US Collaboration. Recent developments suggest that India is actually inviting the superpower to its doorstep. India is among the few countries to endorse unconditionally the controversial US national missile defense (NMD) program  [26]  . Indian Ocean or Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Ocean. Sixty-seven percent of Chinas trade with the European Union is carried by sea across the Malacc